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Table of contents
Preface
To the Student
1 Biological Anthropology
In the Field: Doing Biological Anthropology
Among the Hutterites
A Hawaiian in Connecticut
What Is Biological Anthropology?
Defining Anthropology
The Specialties of Bioanthropology
Bioanthropology and Science
Science
Belief Systems
Contemporary Reflections: Is Evolution a Fact, a Theory or Just a Hypothesis?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
2 The Evolution of Evolution
"On the Shoulders of Giants": Explaining the Changing Earth
The Biblical Context
The Framework of "Natural Philosophy"
"Common Sense At Its Best": Explaining Biological Change
Darwin's Predecessors
Charles Darwin
The Modern Theory of Evolution
Contemporary Reflections: Has Science Dehumanized Society?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
3 Evolutionary Genetics
How Genes Work
An Overview of the Human Genome
From Genes to Traits
How Inheritance Works
Contemporary Reflections: What is Genetic Cloning?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
4 The Processes of Evolution
Species: The Units of Evolution
The Four Processes of Evolution
Mutations: Necessary Errors
Natural Selection: The Prime Mover of Evolution
Gene Flow: Mixing Populations' Genes
Genetic Drift: Random Evolution
Sickle Cell Anemia: Evolutionary Processes in Action
Genetics and Symptoms
The Adaptive Explanation
Other Relationships
Contemporary Reflections: Are Humans Still Evolving?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
5 The Origin of Species and the Shape of Evolution
New Species
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Processes of Speciation
The Evolution of Life's Diversity
Our Family Tree
Adaptive Radiation
The Shape of the Family Tree
Darwinian Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium
Contemporary Reflections: Are There Alternatives to Evolution?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Termsv
Suggested Readings
6 A Brief Evolutionary Timetable
From the Beginning: A Quick History
Drifting Continents and Mass Extinctions: The Pace of Change
Contemporary Reflections: Are Mass Extinctions a Thing of the Past
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
7 The Primates
Naming the Animals
Linnaean Taxonomy
Cladistic Taxonomy
What is a Primate?
The Senses
Movement
Reproduction
Intelligence
Behavior Patterns
A Survey of the Living Primates
Prosimians
Anthropoids
The Human Primate
The Senses
Movement
Reproduction
Intelligence
Behavior Pattern
Contemporary Reflections: What Is the Status of Our Closest Relatives?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
8 Primate Behavior and Human Evolution
Behavioral Evolution
How Does Behavior Evolve?
How Do We Study Behavior?
Primate Behavior
Baboons
Chimpanzees
Bonobos
Contemporary Reflections: Are Some Human Behaviors Genetic?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
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9 Studying the Human Past
Bones: The Primate Skeleton
Old Bones: Locating, Recovering, and Dating Fossils
Finding Fossils
Dating Fossils
How Fossils Get To Be Fossils
Genes: New Windows To the Past
The "Molecular Clock"
The Genetic Differences Between Humans and Chimps
Contemporary Reflections: Who Owns Old Bones?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
10 Evolution of the Early Hominins
The Origin and Evolution of the Primates
Bipedalism
The Benefits of Bipedalism
The Evolution of Bipedalism
The Early Hominins
Australopithecus
Paranthropus
The Search for the First Hominins
Putting It All Together
Connecting the Dots
The Ecological Context
Contemporary Reflections: Is There a "Missing Link"?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
11 The Evolution of Genus Homo
Lumpers and Splitters: An Organizing Plan
The First Members of Genus Homo
The First Stone Tools
The Fossils
A New Adaptation
To New Lands
The First Fossils
Migration and the Ice Ages
The Evolution of Homo erectus
The Life of Homo erectus
Big Brains, Archaic Skulls
Homo antecessor
Homo heidelbergensis
The Neandertals
Physical Features
Culture
Modern Humans
Contemporary Reflections: Who Are the "Hobbits" from Indonesia?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
12 The Debate Over Modern Human Origins
The Models
African Replacement (AR) Model
Multiregional Evolution (MRE) Model
The Key Requirements of Each Model
The Evidence
The Fossil and Archaeological Records
Genetic Evidence
Evolutionary Theory
Primarily African Origin Model
Contemporary Reflections: Is There a Connection Between Modern Human Origins and Race?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
13 Evolution and Adaptation in Human Populations
Population Adaptations
Species Adaptations
Variation in Adaptations
Are All Variations Adaptively Important?
Disease and Human Populations
Diseases are "Natural"
Disease and Hominin Evolution
Disease and History
Emerging Diseases
Contemporary Reflections: Where Is the Population Crisis?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
14 Human Biological Diversity
Sex and Gender
Why Are There No Biological Races Within the Human Species?
Race as a Biological Concept
Human Phenotypic Variation
Genetic Variation
Evolutionary Theory
What, Then, Are Human Races?
Race, Bioanthropology, and Social Issues
Race and Intelligence
Race and Athletic Ability
Contemporary Reflections: Are Genetic Ancestry Tests Worth the Money?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
15 Biological Anthropology and Today's World
Forensic Anthropology: Reading the Bones
Lessons from the Past
Bioanthropology and Global Issues
Contemporary Reflections: What Can One Do with a Degree in Bioanthropology?
Summary
Questions for Further Thought
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Appendix I: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
Appendix II: Genes in Populations
Glossary of Human and Nonhuman Primates
Glossary of Terms
References
Index
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